山东省滨州市干热风气候特征及对小麦千粒重的影响分析

利用1961～2009年（5月15日～6月10日）滨州市7个台站逐日最高气温、14：00相对湿度、14：00风速及1980～2009年逐年小麦千粒重资料,采用周期方差外推法、回归分析等统计方法,对滨州市49年来干热风空间分布、年际变化和周期等特征进行分析;同时还就不同类型干热风对小麦千粒重的影响进行了初步分析。结果表明：干热风日数、干热风天气过程等级和干热风年型等级的年平均发生日数自北向南逐渐增加;年代际变化规律：20世纪60年代出现次数平均值最大,70、80年代有下降趋势,90年代发生次数最低,2000～2009年出现次数比90年代略有上升;干热风日数存在6、16年左右的周期;小麦千粒重与重干热风天气过程出现次数具有负相关关系。     

虫鸣和音乐声频对六种蔬菜生长的影响试验

[目的]研究虫鸣声（IS）和音乐＋虫鸣声（MS）2种声频处理对萝卜等6种蔬菜生长的影响。[方法]试验设置虫鸣声（IS）处理组、音乐＋虫鸣声（MS）处理组和正常对照组（CK）,对6种蔬菜栽培实行统一管理,并定期对相关指标进行测定;采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行方差分析和多重比较。[结果]不同声频处理除黄豆株高和白菜、青菜地下部干重外,其余蔬菜的株高、鲜重和干重均和对照组有显著差异;声频处理的6种蔬菜生长状况均显著优于对照组,在生长期间能显著促进株高生长（黄豆除外）,并提高食用部分的产量;MS处理对萝卜的株高、全株鲜重、地上部分干重、地下部分干重,芥菜的全株鲜重,黄豆的地上部分干重等生长指标的影响明显优于IS处理。[结论]IS和MS 2种声频均具有促进植物生长的作用,但作用效果有所差异。     

东亚夏季气旋活动的气候学特征及其对我国降水的影响

对东亚夏季气旋活动的时空变化特征以及夏季气旋活动频数与500 hPa大气环流背景场、我国降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明,夏季气旋活动主要集中在3个区域,其中25°N以北气旋活动频数在70年代中期前持续偏多,70年代中期后持续偏少;气旋活动频数的年代际变化与500 hPa大气环流的异常密切相关。70年代中期前东亚地区中高纬度呈现明显的负距平带,盛行经向环流,气旋性活动增加;而70年代中期后的大气环流形势相反。我国山东半岛夏季降水也具有明显的年代际差异,经历了多雨期和少雨期2个阶段,且山东半岛的多（少）雨期与25°N以北气旋活动频数的偏多（少）期相吻合。     

安徽省近10年的雷电灾害分布特征分析

利用安徽省2006～2007年的闪电定位资料和1998～2007年的雷电灾害资料,以安徽省自然环境、气候环境、人文环境为背景,分析了雷电灾害在安徽17个地级市的分布特征,统计了雷击造成的人员伤亡数以及经济损失。通过雷击发生频率与雷击灾害的对比分析,得出闪电频数大小并不是雷电致灾的唯一判据。这为提高全民防雷减灾意识,制定科学合理的雷电防护技术路线提供了重要依据。     

A predictive model of burn severity based on 20-year satellite-inferred burn severity data in a large southwestern US wilderness area

We describe and then model satellite-inferred severe (stand-replacing) fire occurrence relative to topography (elevation, aspect, slope, solar radiation, Heat Load Index, wetness and measures of topographic ruggedness) using data from 114 fires > 40 ha in area that occurred between 1984 and 2004 in the Gila Wilderness and surrounding Gila National Forest. Severe fire occurred more frequently at higher elevations and on north-facing, steep slopes and at locally wet, cool sites, which suggests that moisture limitations on productivity in the southwestern US interact with topography to influence vegetation density and fuel production that in turn influence burn severity. We use the Random Forest algorithm and a stratified random sample of burn severity pixels with corresponding pixels from 15 topographic layers as predictor variables to build an empirical model predicting the probability of occurrence for severe burns across the entire 1.4 million ha study area. Our model correctly classified severity with a classification accuracy of 79.5% when burn severity pixels were classified as severe vs. not severe (two classes). Because our model was derived from data sampled across many fires over a 20-year period, it represents average probability of severe fire occurrence and is unlikely to predict burn severity for individual fire events. However, we believe it has potential as a tool for planning fuel treatment projects, in management of actively burning fires, and for better understanding of landscape-scale burn severity patterns.     

鹰嘴豆EST资源中SSR的信息分析

从NCBI公共数据库下载获得27 904条鹰嘴豆表达序列标签EST,去除其中低质量的和冗余序列后得到全长为6 198 092 bp的11 224 条无冗余EST.利用SSRIT(Simple sequence repeat identification tool)软件共在这些序列中发掘出982个SSR,它们分布于865条EST中,出现频率为8.69%,平均长度为15.58 bp,平均距离为6.31 kb.在鹰嘴豆EST-SSR中,二核苷酸重复是最主要的重复类型(66.90%),其次是三核苷酸重复类型(30.75%),出现最多的重复基元类型是TA/AT(24.95%).     

建立甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)高频、高效再生体系的研究

【目的】建立能源植物甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)的高频、高效离体培养再生体系,为遗传转化奠定基础。【方法】以甜高粱品种凯勒的芽顶端分生组织为外植体,探讨在甜高粱直接诱导丛生芽的培养过程中,无菌实生苗的适合苗龄,适宜的激素组合与比例;并将获得的最佳培养方法应用于其它两个甜高粱品种:M-81E和意达利,以研究此途径的基因型依赖性。【结果】利用3d苗龄的芽顶端分生组织作为外植体容易获得较高的分生组织膨大率。甜高粱丛生芽诱导的适宜激素组合为4.0mg·L-16-苄基腺嘌呤+0.5mg·L-12,4-二氯苯氧乙酸+0.5mg·L-1噻重氮苯基脲,可获得91%的丛生芽诱导频率。适合甜高粱快速生根的激素配方为0.5mg·L-1萘乙酸。通过芽顶端分生组织直接诱导丛生芽途径,每个外植体可诱导出上百个芽,最终产生30—40株再生苗。M-81E和意达利具有与凯勒相似的丛生芽诱导频率及效率。【结论】本研究成功地建立了甜高粱的高频、高效离体培养再生体系,且具有外植体来源不受限制,基因型依赖性弱,遗传稳定性好的优点。     

Yield formation and tillering dynamics of direct-seeded rice in flooded and nonflooded soils in the Huai River Basin of China

Water shortage in the Huai River Basin prompts farmers to adopt water-saving technologies such as direct-seeded nonflooded or aerobic rice. Different cultivation practices impact on tiller growth and development. Improved insight into tiller dynamics is needed to increase yield in these production systems. We conducted field experiments with four direct-seeded rice varieties under flooded and nonflooded conditions in Mengcheng county, Anhui province, in 2005–2006. The soil water content in the nonflooded treatment varied between saturation and field capacity. Yields in nonflooded soil ranged from 3.6 to 4.7 t ha⁻¹, and did not differ significantly from yields in flooded soil that ranged from 3.6 to 5.1 t ha⁻¹. Variety had a significant effect on biomass, yield, panicle number, spikelet number, grain weight, and grain filling percentage. Panicle number was the main factor limiting yield, resulting from a low tiller emergence frequency and a low fraction of productive tillers in both the flooded and the nonflooded soils. On average, the panicle number was 159–232 m⁻², including 34–167 productive tillers per m² for all the varieties under the two water regimes. The contribution of productive tillers to yield varied between 7% and 47%. There were two peaks of tillers that contributed to yield, one at the low (4th or 5th) and one at the high (10th or 11th) phytomer orders. Frequencies of tiller emergence at most phytomer orders were higher in the flooded soil than in the nonflooded soil. There were no significant differences in frequencies of productive tiller emergence and contributions to yield from tillers between the soil water regimes for three of the four tested varieties. To increase yield in direct-seeded nonflooded rice production systems, both the tiller emergence frequency and the fraction of productive tillers should increase through breeding, improved crop management, or a combination.     

黑龙江垦区推广品种稻瘟病抗性分析

用生物间遗传学关于毒力频率的方法,结合传统的鉴别寄主方法分析不同品种间稻瘟病菌群体的毒力差异。用于抗瘟性分析的菌株是2007年～2008年采集于黑龙江省17个县(市)、农场15个栽培品种共21份稻瘟病标样,共116株,在全国统一的7个鉴别品种上测试,共鉴定出7群20个中国生理小种,优势种群为ZA、ZD,总出现频率69.8%,优势小种为ZA49、ZD5,总出现频率37.9%。将其中的48株生理小种分别接种到供试的15份材料上,结果表明:同一生理小种的不同菌株在鉴别品种外供试材料上的反应差异较大,不同优势小种对同一品种致病力反应差异也较大;毒力频率低于30%品种有垦稻12、龙粳26号,是抗性较好的品种。     

黄河流域田间棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉抗性监测

利用改进的单雌系F1/F2代法,对黄河流域主要棉区河南安阳县、河北威县、山东武城县的棉铃虫种群进行了系统监测。在2007-2009年,连续3年保守地估计了以上3个主要植棉县棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac的抗性基因频率。结果表明,山东武城棉铃虫种群3年的抗性等位基因频率分别为0.00086、0.00097和0.00052;安阳田间棉铃虫种群2008和2009年抗性等位基因频率分别为0.00090和0.00103;河北威县的田间棉铃虫种群抗性等位基因频率为0。所有家系F1代和F2代的相对平均发育级别均值比较结果显示,山东武城县棉铃虫种群耐受性高于其它2个地区,其次为安阳县种群,威县种群敏感度最高。总之,我国黄河流域这3个主要棉区田间棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac毒素还没有产生明显的抗性,抗性基因频率仍处于正常水平,但是棉铃虫对Cry1Ac毒素的耐受性有升高趋势,需要进一步加强全国性的监测工作。